Dry electrode cap for electro-encephalography

ABSTRACT

An electro-encephalography electrode cap for contacting the scalp of a head with a number of pin-shaped electrodes for contacting the scalp, and an electrode holding device. The electrodes are mounted on the electrode-holding device through at least one elastic joint.

The invention relates to an electrode cap for electro-encephalography which allows contacting the head of a human or an animal without a conductive gel between the scalp and the electrode itself.

The most common non-invasive solution to collect electro-encephalography (EEG) data, applied in biomedical research and hospitals, is the wet electrode, comprising a metal plate coated with Ag. This wet electrode requires gel to be applied between the skin and the electrode to allow for the exchange of ions at the interface. The use of such a gel is inconvenient for a daily use of the electrodes: it requires a time consuming preparation before any EEG recording can be carried out; the gel dries with the passing of time and thus needs to be refilled in long applications of the electrodes to the scalp. It has also been reported that long term contact with the skin produces irritation.

An alternative approach to the collection of EEG data is the use of sensors that operate with current displacement, that is a capacitive transduction, instead of charge current, as was the case for the previous example. These types of electrodes do not require physical contact to the signal source. However, the advantage of independence of contact with the body brings along the disadvantage that the background noise recorded along with the physiological signals is higher.

All other solutions make contact with the skin. Some make use of NASICON ceramic material. The particular propriety of interest of the NASICON (acronym for Na Super Ionic Conductor) material is its very high conductivity of Na⁺ ions even at room temperature. The downside of using this material is a higher impedance mismatch with the skin than the common wet electrodes.

Microfabrication technology has produced good results in miniaturization of real size sensors. As interesting examples, Griss et al. developed a dry electrode that avoids the use of electrolytic gel and at the same time fixes the electrode to the skull surface with enough reliability to avoid motion artifacts, making use of microfabricated spikes on the electrode surface (Griss, P et al., “Characterization of micromachined spiked biopotential electrodes”, Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Volume 49, Issue: 6 Jun. 2002).

There is a higher potential difference measured between a pair of such electrodes than in the case of the standard wet electrodes which could be due to the influence of the potential of the sweating duct membranes in the dermis. Despite this fact, it seems that sweat on the skin does not produce so much variation on the electrode impedance as occurs with Ag/AgCl electrodes. The spikes prickle the outer layers of the skin but avoid penetrating the dermis, where nerves and blood vessels are. This way, pain-free measurements of potentials is achieved, avoiding the high impedance from the outer skin layers.

Another solution makes use of carbon nanotubes. In a similar configuration, a population of carbon nano-tubes are used as probes that, in pricking the surface layers of the dermis, behave as the transducers themselves.

It is therefore the problem to be solved by the present invention to provide an easily manufacturable, affordable device which can be placed on the head in a few minutes, is comfortable, makes reliable long-term skin contact without pain, and provides enough accuracy in recording of brain activity for applications such as for example brain-computer interfaces.

This problem is solved by the electrode cap according to claim 1, the contacting method according to claim 29 and the use of the electrode cap according to claim 28. Advantageous embodiments of the electrode cap and the method are given by the respective dependent claims.

The present invention is based on the idea that an optimal result of an electro-encephalography measurement (EEG) together with a maximum of wearing comfort for the patient is achieved if the force that each pin exerts on the scalp of the patient is uniform for all electrodes or groups of electrodes and can be adjusted.

According to the present invention, this is achieved by mounting or supporting the electrodes on an electrode holding means through at least one elastic joint. The electrodes push down onto the surface of the scalp by means of an elastic force, as for example that of a spring or of pneumatic pressure.

The electrode holding means preferably comprises a head-fixing means, such as for example an adjustable head strap which tightens around the forehead, side and back of the head and allows to fix the electrode cap to the head with adjustable pressure.

Preferably, the electrodes are mounted on the electrode holding means through one or more connecting means which preferably are or comprise a small number, for example 2 to 30, holding arms. As many arms can be used as can be fit without interfering with each other physically. Those holding arms are fixed to the head fixing means or head strap with one end while the other end carries the electrodes. The electrodes can be attached to the holding arms directly or indirectly through other components.

It is preferred that the holding arms comprise two legs which are connected with each other through an elastic joint. The lower part of the arm, that is the leg which is connected to the head fixing means, is called electrode arm support. To this an electrode arm moving beam, that is the leg which carries the electrodes, is attached by means of a revolute or prismatic joint. Preferably, this allows the distal end of the arm to move perpendicularly to the surface of the scalp. If the legs of the arms are straight they preferably include an angle which opens in the direction of the head. The elastic joint between the legs of an arm can be a revolute joint or a pivotal joint of which the rotation axis is perpendicular to the length of the legs and tangential to the head.

It is preferred that a torque-producing flexing cord or a similarly adjustable torsional spring is stretched between pairs of adjacent legs of an arm which are connected with each other by an elastic joint. This allows to apply a bending moment around this elastic joint which connects the two legs. By adjusting the length of such a cord or spring, the pressure which the electrodes apply to the scalp of the head can be adjusted. The cord or spring may have a certain elastic stiffness K_(EAFC) and zero point X_(0EAFC) either of which may be adjustable by hand via a tightening screw or a geared mechanism.

It is also possible that the joint between two adjacent legs is a prismatic joint which is preferably movable in the direction of the head of the patient. Such a prismatic joint comprises a bore or cylinder in one leg in which a part of the other leg is guided in one direction, for example the direction of the length of the leg.

Between the two legs, a spring or some other flexible element can be arranged, which expands or contracts if the legs are moved against each other. It is furthermore possible to connect two neighbouring legs of an arm by a flexing chord, similarly as outlined for the pivotal joint, above. By this a force is applicable in the direction in which the prismatic joint is movable. This force can act in the direction of the elastic force of the elastic element or in the opposite direction. By adjusting the length of such a cord, the pressure which the electrodes apply to the scalp of the head can be adjusted. This cord also may have a certain elastic stiffness K_(EAFC) and zero point x_(0EAFC) either of which may be adjustable by hand via a tightening screw or a geared mechanism.

Preferably, the individual electrodes are grouped into groups whereby each group comprises a part of the electrodes. The number of electrodes in each group is preferably equal but can also be different.

Electrodes which belong to the same group are held by a common group holding means which holds all electrodes of this group. The group holding means are each mounted directly or indirectly on the electrode holding means through at least one elastic joint. As explained above this holding means can be an electrode holding arm wherein the different legs are connected through elastic joints.

The group holding means preferably comprise at least one elastic joint through which they are mounted on the electrode holding means or the holding arm. Such an elastic joint can be a semi-rigid spherical joint or a virtual ball joint which is an elastic structure which, through its elasticity, provides the same motion as a ball joint on the distal end of a leg attached to the joint. Its response to deflections is equivalent to that of a spring-loaded ball joint. Such a joint can be movable around a first axis parallel to the length of the electrodes, i.e. parallel to the direction of the force by which the electrodes are pressed against the head. For this direction, the joint then has a certain torsional stiffness K_(S). It is furthermore possible that the joint is movable around at least one axis perpendicular to the direction in which the force acts which applies pressure to the head. In this direction, the joint has a torsional stiffness K_(T). If the joint is movable around an axis perpendicular to the length of the electrodes, the surface which is described by the tips of the electrodes can adjust its orientation to the slope of the head at the position where the electrodes are applied. It is preferred that the torsional stiffness around the axis perpendicular to the length of the electrodes K_(T) is considerably greater than the torsional stiffness K_(S) around the axis parallel to the length of the electrodes. By this, the group holding means can be prevented from rotating excessively around a direction normal to the scalp surface.

Preferably, the electrodes of a given group are grouped into sub-groups or bundles which each contain the same number of electrodes or a similar number of electrodes with parallel lengths. The electrodes are perpendicular to the surface on which they are located. There may exist two, three or more bundles of electrodes in one group. Within a bundle, the electrodes can be arranged in a shape which has a circular, elliptical, triangular or rectangular outline. The electrodes within a bundle can be arranged in concentrical circuits or some electrodes can be arranged around a center electrode. However, also other arrangements of the electrodes within a bundle are possible. If necessary, the electrodes can be arranged in bundle holding means which may be arranged at the group holding means through a joint which may be an elastic joint. If the electrodes are bundled the contact to the skin is ensured despite hair and surface irregularities. Each additional pin adds more potential contact surface between metal and skin, thus lowering the effective electrode impedance.

A group holding means can comprise two, three or more bundles of electrodes. If there are three bundles, those can be located at the corners of a triangle, preferably an equilateral triangle. In this configuration, the group holding means can have a Y-structure, i.e. a structure with three straight legs which meet with one end at one point and preferably have the same length. The angles between the legs are preferably all equal.

An Y-shaped group holding means allows each branch of the Y to make contact with the scalp independently, as the spherical joint allows.

The relative stiffness among electrodes in a bundle is high, while the stiffness of the moving beam of the entire bundle's electrode arm is relatively low.

If the bundles have three electrodes, those can also be placed at the corners of a triangle, which is preferably an equilateral triangle. The centre of this triangle marks the location of the bundle.

It is preferred that each single electrode is elastically supported. Hereby, the electrodes can be guided in a guide member which guides the electrodes in the axial direction of their length, that is basically in the direction of the scalp. Within the guides the electrodes are supported on an elastic element which is elastic in the direction in which the electrodes can move in the guide. The electrode is thus arranged like a piston in a cylinder. The elastic element can be a spring which is placed inside the guide member behind the electrode in direction of the axial length of the electrode.

Alternatively, the electrodes can be virtually compressible, i.e. they are elastically deformable. Here the electrodes can be thin metal pins.

It is preferred that the electrodes are coated or plated in a high conductance material, such as for example gold, platinum, silver, silver chloride other precious metals, alloys and/or conductive nanoparticles.

The electrodes are intended to measure electrical signals in an electro-encephalography. For this purpose, the electrodes can be wired in unipolar configuration in which all pins in a bundle are in contact with each other. A voltage can then be measured with reference to ground. Alternatively, the electrodes can be arranged in a bipolar configuration where the electrodes of a bundle, a group or all electrodes are separated into two groups, wherein the electrodes of one group are electrically connected with each other and the electrodes of the other group are connected electrically with each other so that a voltage between the electrodes of the two groups can be measured.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows an electrode cap according to the present invention mounted on the head of a patient.

FIG. 2 shows a head strap with a holding arm which comprises a pivotal joint.

FIG. 3 shows a head strap with a holding arm which comprises a prismatic joint.

FIG. 4 shows a group holding means with three bundles of electrodes.

FIG. 5 shows a group holding means which is deformable around an axis parallel to the length of the electrodes.

FIG. 6 shows an electrode cap mounted on the head of a patient viewed from above.

FIG. 7 shows three elastically supported electrodes.

FIG. 8 shows virtually compressible electrodes mounted on a group holding means.

FIG. 9 shows a unipolar configuration of an electrode bundle.

FIG. 10 shows a bipolar configuration of the electrodes in a bundle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an electrode cap according to the present invention mounted on the head 2 of a person. The electrode cap comprises a head strap 1 which runs around the head 2. On opposite sides of the head strap 1, two holding arms 3 a and 3 b are attached. The holding arms 3 a and 3 b each comprise two legs 4 a and 5 a as well as 4 b and 5 b which are connected with each other through revolute joints 6 a, 6 b. The lower legs 4 a and 4 b, which are supporting legs, are attached to the head strap 1 with one side and to the joints 6 a and 6 b, respectively, with the other side. The second legs 5 a and 5 b, which are electrode arm moving beams, carry group holding means 7 a, 7 b. Those have the form of 3-branch-trees on which three bundles of electrodes are accommodated at the ends of its legs.

The electrode arm support 4 a, 4 b and the electrode arm moving beam 5 a, 5 b are each arranged at an angel which opens in the direction of the head. Between the two legs 4 a and 5 a as well as 4 b and 5 b, a flexing chord 8 a, 8 b is stretched. By these flexing chords 8 a, 8 b, the pressure by which the electrodes are pushed on the head 2 is adjustable.

FIG. 2 shows the electrode arm 3 a in detail. The electrode arm 3 a is mounted on the head strap 1. It comprises a first leg 4 a and a second leg 5 a which are connected with each other through a pivotal joint 6 a. Between the electrode arm support 4 a and the electrode arm moving beam 5 a, a flexing chord 8 a is stretched which bends the electrode arm 3 a around the joint 6 a. The angle between the legs 4 a and 5 a is adjustable by changing the tension of the string 8 a. The flexing cord 8 a may be elastic itself with an elastic stiffness K_(EAFC). The tension of the chord 8 a can be adjusted by hand with the tightening screw 9.

FIG. 3 shows an alternative construction of the arm 3 which corresponds to the arms 3 a and 3 b in the previous figures. The first leg 4 a, which is the electrode arm support, is connected with the second leg 5 a via a prismatic joint 10. The prismatic joint 10 is given by a drilling in the first arm 4 a in which the second arm 5 a is guided in the direction of its length.

Again, the legs 4 a and 5 a build an angle which opens in the direction of the head. Also the electrode arm support may have an angle, opening in the direction of the head. The second arm 5 a carries a group holding means 7 through a semi-rigid spherical joint 13. The group holding means 7 carries the electrodes 12. Between the group holding means 7 and the first arm 4 a, a spring 11 is located parallely to the second arm 5 a, preferably surrounding the second arm 5 a. This spring 11 therefore contracts or expands if a force is applied on the second arm 5 a in the direction of its length. This happens for example when the electrodes 12 are pressed against the head of a patient.

FIG. 4 shows a group holding means carrying three bundles of electrodes 12. Each bundle comprises three electrodes 12 which are located at the corners of an triangle, for example an equilateral triangle. The upper part of the figure shows the view perpendicular to the length of the electrodes while the lower part of the figure shows a view from above. It can be seen from the lower part of the figure, that the group holding means 7 has a Y-structure with three legs 14 a, 41 b, 14 c of equal length which are arranged in equal angels to each other. The holding structure 7 has a semi-rigid spherical joint 13 through which it is connected with the holding arm 3.

The semi-rigid spherical joint 13 is elastically movable around an axis 16 which is parallel to the electrodes 12 as well as one or two axises 15 a and 15 b which are perpendicular to the direction of the electrodes 12. The torsional stiffness K_(T) of the first axis is considerably greater than that of the second axis K_(S), in a similar manner as torques produced in response to motion by an elastic U-joint.

FIG. 5 shows an alternative construction of the group holding means 7. Here, the holding means 7 is fixed at a virtual ball joint 17. A virtual ball joint is an elastic structure which, through its elasticity, provides the same motion as a ball joint on the distal end of an leg attached to the joint. Its response to deflections is equivalent to that of a spring-loaded ball joint.

The element 17 is bendable around at least one axis perpendicular to the electrodes 12 and may also be flexible around an axis parallel to the electrodes 12.

FIG. 6 shows an electrode cap according to the present invention viewed from above the head of the patient. The shown configuration is a sample for BCI applications that utilize motor imagery. The head strap 1 runs around the head of the patient and is closed with a closing means 18. This may allow the adjustment of the head strap 1. The electrode arms 3 a and 3 b carry the group holding means 7 a and 7 b at which the electrodes 12 are arranged. In the shown example, the group holding means 7 a and 7 b have the Y-structure as described above. The configuration allows access to the central and lateral regions of the scalp and therefore the brain.

FIG. 7 shows electrodes which are elastically supported along their axis by means of moving parts and elastic elements. The electrodes 12 a, 12 b and 12 c are located in a holding means 7 and are each located in guide members 19 a, 19 b and 19 c which only allow the electrodes to move in the direction of their axial length. The electrodes are supported in contact with elastic elements, as for example springs 20 a, 20 b and 20 c, which are fixed at the guiding means 19 a, 19 b, 19 c with one end and are in contact with the electrodes 12 a, 12 b and 12 c with the other end, respectively. The electrodes 12 a, 12 b and 12 c can therefore move in the cylindrical tubes 19 a, 19 b and 19 c like a piston in a cylinder. The example only shows three electrodes, however, any number of electrodes can be placed in a bundle, a group or the electrode cap.

FIG. 8 shows virtually compressible electrodes as an alternative for elastically supported electrodes. The left part of FIG. 8 shows those electrodes 12 a, 12 b, 12 c mounted on a holding means 7 if no force is applied to the electrodes. The right side of FIG. 8 shows the same setup if force is applied to the electrodes 12 a to 12 c. Here, the electrodes are elastical themselves, i.e. they bend elastically when a force is applied. In other words, the electrodes can deflect in similar means as above by the flexibility of the shape and material from which they are made.

FIG. 9 shows a unipolar configuration of electrodes in a bundle. Six electrodes 12 a to 12 f are grouped around three electrodes 12 g to 12 i. All electrodes are electrically connected with each other and a voltage V_(u) is measurable with reference to ground.

FIG. 10 shows a bipolar configuration of electrodes in a bundle. The electrodes are grouped into two parts, which form the two poles between which the voltage V_(b) is measurable. The electrodes 12 a and 12 b belong to one pole while the electrodes 12 c and 12 d belong to the other pole. The electrodes of each part are electrically connected with each other.

The electrode cap according to the present invention is applicable wherever electro-encephalography recordings are desirable with minimal preparation and long duration, that is duration longer than, e.g. two hours. Those are for example medical diagnosis and monitoring, brain-computer-interfaces (BCI), lie detection or monitoring of user attention in safety-critical operation of machines. The electrode cap according to the present invention does not require conductive gel between the scalp and the electrodes and the force that each electrode pin exerts on the scalp is uniform and does not cause pain to the patient while the electrodes are in stable contact with the skin. The overall level of force or the force applied by certain groups of electrodes is adjustable. 

1. An electrode cap for contacting the scalp of a head in an electro-encephalography with a number of pin-shaped electrodes for contacting the scalp, and an electrode holding means wherein the electrodes are mounted on the electrode-holding means through at least one elastic joint.
 2. The electrode cap of claim 1 wherein the electrodes are mounted on the electrode holding means through at least one connecting means.
 3. The electrode cap according to claim 1 wherein the electrodes are grouped into at least one group, the electrodes of each group are mounted on a common group-holding means and the group-holding means are each mounted on the electrode-holding means through at least one elastic joint.
 4. The electrode cap according to claim 1 wherein the electrode-holding means comprises a head-fixing means for fixing the electrode cap to the head.
 5. The electrode cap according to claim 4 wherein the head-fixing means comprises a head strap.
 6. The electrode cap according to claim 2 wherein the connecting means comprises at least one holding arm of which one end is fixed to the head-fixing means and the other end at least one of directly carries at least one of at least some of the electrodes and at least one group of electrodes and indirectly carries at least one of at least some of the electrodes and at least one group of electrodes.
 7. The electrode cap according to claim 6 wherein the at least one holding arm comprises at least two legs which are connected with each other in a row through one of the at least one elastic joints, and that a first leg, which is connected to only one other leg, is fixed to the head-fixing means at its end distal to the elastic joint by which it is connected to the other leg, and that a second leg, which is connected to only one other leg, carries the at least one of at least some of the electrodes and at least one group of electrodes.
 8. The electrode cap according to claim 7 wherein the at least two legs are connected with each other at an angle opening in the direction of the head.
 9. The electrode cap according to claim 7 wherein the elastic joint is at least one of a revolute joint and a pivotal joint the rotation axis of which is perpendicular to the length of the legs and tangential to the head.
 10. The electrode cap according to claim 7 further including at least one of a flexing cord and and a torsional spring which connects two adjacent legs of the at least one holding arm which are connected with each other by a joint, and by which a bending moment around the elastic joint which connects the two adjacent legs is applicable.
 11. The electrode cap according to claims 7 wherein at least one of the at least one elastic joints is a prismatic joint which is movable in the direction of the head.
 12. The electrode cap according to claim 11 further including at least one of at least one flexible element or and at least one spring which connects two adjacent legs of the at least one holding arm which are connected with each other through a prismatic joint, and which contracts or expands in the direction in which the prismatic joint is movable.
 13. The electrode cap according to claim 11 further including at least one flexing cord which connects two adjacent legs of the at least one holding arm which are connected with each other through a prismatic joint and by which a force in the direction in which the prismatic joint is movable is applicable.
 14. The electrode cap according to claim 3 wherein the group-holding means comprise at least one second elastic joint through which the electrodes comprising the group are mounted on the at least one of the electrode-holding means and the connecting means.
 15. The electrode cap according to claim 14 wherein the second elastic joint is at least one of a semi-rigid spherical joint and a virtual ball joint which is at least one of movable around a first axis parallel to the length of the electrodes of this group with a torsional stiffness K_(S) and movable around at least one axis perpendicular to the length of the electrodes with a torsional stiffness of K_(T).
 16. The electrode cap according to claim 15 wherein K_(T) is greater than K_(S).
 17. The electrode cap according to claims 3 wherein the electrodes of at least one group are grouped into at least two bundles.
 18. The electrode cap according to claim 3 wherein the electrodes of at least one group are grouped into three bundles which are located at the corners of a triangle.
 19. The electrode cap according to claim 18 wherein the group-holding means has a Y-structure, whereby the three bundles are located at the ends of the legs of the Y-structure.
 20. The electrode cap according to claims 17 wherein each bundle has three electrodes which are located at the corners of a triangle.
 21. The electrode cap according to claim 17 wherein at least one of: at least one electrode; the majority of electrodes in one bundle; one group; and, all electrodes are separately guided in a guide member, guiding the electrodes in the axial direction of their lengths, and supported on an elastic element which is elastic in the direction of these lengths.
 22. The electrode cap according to claim claim 21 wherein the elastic element is a spring, one end of which is fixed at the electrode-holding means and the other end of which is in contact with the electrodes.
 23. The electrode cap according to claim 1 wherein the electrodes are elastically supported through at least one of: movable parts; springs; and the electrodes being virtually compressible.
 24. The electrode cap according to claim 17 wherein at least one of: all electrodes; all electrodes of at least one group; and, all electrodes of at least one bundle are electrically connected with each other.
 25. The electrode cap according to claim 17 wherein the at least one of: the electrodes; the electrodes of each group; and, the electrodes of each bundle are grouped into two parts, wherein the electrodes of each part are electrically connected with each other and wherein a voltage is applicable between the two parts.
 26. The electrode cap according to claim 1 wherein the electrodes are at least one of coated in a high-conductance material and plated in a high-conductance material.
 27. The electrode cap according to claim 1 wherein the electrodes are at least one of coated in at least one of gold, platinum, silver, silver chloride, precious metals, alloys and conductive nanoparticles, and plated in at least one of gold, platinum, silver, silver chloride, precious metals, alloys and conductive nanoparticles.
 28. A method for performing electro-encephalography comprising attaching to the head of a person upon whom the electro-encephalograph is to be conducted an electrode cap with a number of pin-shaped electrodes for contacting the scalp, and an electrode holding means wherein the electrodes are mounted on the electrode-holding means through at least one elastic joint.
 29. A method for contacting the scalp of a head in an electro-encephalography comprising contacting the scalp by an electrode cap comprising a number of pin-shaped electrodes which are mounted on an electrode holding means through at least one elastic joint.
 30. (canceled) 